{"id":1321,"date":"2026-03-15T14:30:18","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T14:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/?p=1321"},"modified":"2026-03-15T15:22:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T15:22:48","slug":"organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat","title":{"rendered":"\u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong>. \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091a\u0930) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MCAT \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, <strong>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u0947\u091c \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 MCAT \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 41% \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#1_Foundations_of_Organic_Nomenclature_and_IUPAC_Naming\" >1. \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#The_Five-Step_IUPAC_Naming_Strategy\" >\u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#1_Identify_the_Parent_Carbon_Chain\" >1. \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#2_Number_the_Carbon_Chain\" >2. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#3_Identify_and_Name_Substituents\" >3. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#4_Assign_Numbers_to_Substituents\" >4. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#5_Assemble_the_Full_Name\" >5. \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#2_Hydrocarbons_and_Alcohols\" >2. \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Alkanes\" >\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Alkenes_and_Alkynes\" >\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Alcohols\" >\u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#3_Carbonyl_Compounds_Aldehydes_and_Ketones\" >3. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915: \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Aldehydes\" >\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0940\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Ketones\" >\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Carbonyl-Based_Terminology\" >\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#4_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives\" >4. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Carboxylic_Acids\" >\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Esters\" >\u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Amides\" >\u090f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Anhydrides\" >\u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#5_Functional_Group_Priority_and_MCAT_Relevance\" >5. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Final_Perspective_Why_Nomenclature_Matters_for_the_MCAT\" >\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923: \u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-foundations-of-organic-nomenclature-and-iupac-naming\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Foundations_of_Organic_Nomenclature_and_IUPAC_Naming\"><\/span>1. \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u092a\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 (IUPAC) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u0948: <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e - \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, IUPAC \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0932, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-five-step-iupac-naming-strategy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Five-Step_IUPAC_Naming_Strategy\"><\/span>\u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-identify-the-parent-carbon-chain\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Identify_the_Parent_Carbon_Chain\"><\/span>1. \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0964. <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0921\u094d\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/th><th>\u091c\u0921\u093c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1<\/td><td>\u092e\u0947\u0925-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>\u090f\u0925-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>\u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>\u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>\u0939\u0947\u092a\u094d\u091f-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9<\/td><td>\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>\u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930-<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-number-the-carbon-chain\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Number_the_Carbon_Chain\"><\/span>2. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-identify-and-name-substituents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Identify_and_Name_Substituents\"><\/span>3. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u2013ane \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u2013yl \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928<\/th><th>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928<\/td><td>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u091f\u0948\u0928<\/td><td>\u090f\u0925\u093f\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092c\u0941\u091f\u093e\u0928<\/td><td>\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0907\u0938\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0932, \u0938\u0947\u0915-\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0932, \u091f\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0940\u2013<\/strong> (\u0926\u094b)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u2013<\/strong> (\u0924\u0940\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u2013<\/strong> (\u091a\u093e\u0930)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-assign-numbers-to-substituents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Assign_Numbers_to_Substituents\"><\/span>4. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2,3-\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e\u093f\u0925\u093e\u0907\u0932\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-assemble-the-full-name\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Assemble_the_Full_Name\"><\/span>5. \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 (di-, tri-, tetra-) \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092b\u093c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-hydrocarbons-and-alcohols\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Hydrocarbons_and_Alcohols\"><\/span>2. \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0921\u094d\u0921\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alkanes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alkanes\"><\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0943\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948:<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mi>n<\/mi><\/msub><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mrow><mn>2<\/mn><mi>n<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">C_nH_{2n+2}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>Cn\u200bH2n+2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928<\/th><th>FORMULA<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928<\/td><td>CH\u2084<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u091f\u0948\u0928<\/td><td>C\u2082H\u2086<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928<\/td><td>C\u2083H\u2088<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092c\u0941\u091f\u093e\u0928<\/td><td>C\u2084H\u2081\u2080<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928<\/td><td>C\u2085H\u2081\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0928<\/td><td>C\u2086H\u2081\u2084<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u0948\u0932\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u2013<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>chloro-<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u2013<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u0921\u094b\u2013<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alkenes-and-alkynes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alkenes_and_Alkynes\"><\/span>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0943\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u2013\u0908\u0928<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0932 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u2013yne<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0932 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f-2-\u0908\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1,3-\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2-\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alcohols\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alcohols\"><\/span>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u2013OH) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2013e \u0915\u094b \u2013ol \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/th><th>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0907\u0925\u0947\u0928\u0949\u0932<\/td><td>\u090f\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2-propanol<\/td><td>\u0906\u0907\u0938\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0926\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932<\/strong> \u2013 \u0906\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932<\/strong> \u2013 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u092c\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0932 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-carbonyl-compounds-aldehydes-and-ketones\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Carbonyl_Compounds_Aldehydes_and_Ketones\"><\/span>3. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915: \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aldehydes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aldehydes\"><\/span>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0940\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u2013e \u0915\u094b \u2013al \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/th><th>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u092e\u0947\u0925\u0947\u0928\u0932<\/td><td>formaldehyde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u0925\u0947\u0928\u0932<\/td><td>\u090f\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928\u0932<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 1 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ketones\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ketones\"><\/span>\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2013one \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2-\u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3-\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0928-2-\u0935\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0928 (\u090f\u0938\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928<\/em>. \u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0925\u093f\u0932\u092e\u093f\u0925\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0928\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carbonyl-based-terminology\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carbonyl-Based_Terminology\"><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03b1 (\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03b2 (\u092c\u0940\u091f\u093e)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03b3 (\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u03b1-\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-carboxylic-acids-and-their-derivatives\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives\"><\/span>4. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carboxylic-acids\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carboxylic_Acids\"><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (C=O)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u2013OH)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u2013e \u0915\u094b \u2013oic acid \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/th><th>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u092e\u0947\u0925\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921<\/td><td>\u091a\u0940\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093e\u092c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0908\u0925\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921<\/td><td>\u090f\u0938\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 1 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-esters\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Esters\"><\/span>\u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u2013OR) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u2013oate \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928\u094b\u090f\u091f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-amides\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Amides\"><\/span>\u090f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u2013amide \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u090f\u0928-<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0928,\u090f\u0928-\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0947\u0925\u093f\u0932\u090f\u0925\u0947\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-anhydrides\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anhydrides\"><\/span>\u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u092c \u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0938\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <em>\u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-functional-group-priority-and-mcat-relevance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Functional_Group_Priority_and_MCAT_Relevance\"><\/span>5. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MCAT \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u2192 \u090f\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u2192 \u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u090f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u2192 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u2192 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u2192 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932 \u2192 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0928\/\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u2192 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-final-perspective-why-nomenclature-matters-for-the-mcat\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Perspective_Why_Nomenclature_Matters_for_the_MCAT\"><\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923: \u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MCAT \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u2014\u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u2014\u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0908\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u2026 <a title=\"\u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\" aria-label=\"\u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 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name=\"description\" content=\"A clear MCAT review of organic chemistry nomenclature covering IUPAC naming rules, hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, and carboxylic acid derivatives.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Organic Chemistry Nomenclature for the MCAT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A clear MCAT review of organic chemistry nomenclature covering IUPAC naming rules, hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, and carboxylic acid derivatives.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/hi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"1pmdaily.com\" \/>\n<meta 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