{"id":1321,"date":"2026-03-15T14:30:18","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T14:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/?p=1321"},"modified":"2026-03-15T15:22:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T15:22:48","slug":"organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat","title":{"rendered":"Danh ph\u00e1p H\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cho k\u1ef3 thi MCAT"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>T\u1ed5ng quan to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo IUPAC<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u00f3a, <strong>H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/strong>. Danh ph\u00e1p - vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc - cung c\u1ea5p ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi MCAT, <strong>Danh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1 thi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, trong khi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thay v\u00ec t\u00ean g\u1ecdi.<\/strong> Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i to\u00e1n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 danh ph\u00e1p hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong b\u00e0i thi MCAT, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 41% n\u1ed9i dung h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng quan n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 <strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb y khoa c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft trong ng\u00e0y thi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">N\u1ed9i dung<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#1_Foundations_of_Organic_Nomenclature_and_IUPAC_Naming\" >1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a danh ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo IUPAC<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#The_Five-Step_IUPAC_Naming_Strategy\" >Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean IUPAC g\u1ed3m n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#1_Identify_the_Parent_Carbon_Chain\" >1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ed7i cacbon g\u1ed1c<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#2_Number_the_Carbon_Chain\" >2. \u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 chu\u1ed7i cacbon<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#3_Identify_and_Name_Substituents\" >3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#4_Assign_Numbers_to_Substituents\" >4. \u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#5_Assemble_the_Full_Name\" >5. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ecd t\u00ean<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#2_Hydrocarbons_and_Alcohols\" >2. Hydrocacbon v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Alkanes\" >Ankan<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Alkenes_and_Alkynes\" >Anken v\u00e0 Ankin<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Alcohols\" >R\u01b0\u1ee3u<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#3_Carbonyl_Compounds_Aldehydes_and_Ketones\" >3. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbonyl: An\u0111ehit v\u00e0 xeton<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Aldehydes\" >An\u0111ehit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Ketones\" >Xeton<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Carbonyl-Based_Terminology\" >Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cacbonyl<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#4_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives\" >4. Axit cacboxylic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Carboxylic_Acids\" >Axit cacboxylic<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Esters\" >Este<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Amides\" >Amit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Anhydrides\" >Anhydrit<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#5_Functional_Group_Priority_and_MCAT_Relevance\" >5. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 thi MCAT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\/#Final_Perspective_Why_Nomenclature_Matters_for_the_MCAT\" >G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: T\u1ea1i sao danh ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 thi MCAT<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-foundations-of-organic-nomenclature-and-iupac-naming\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Foundations_of_Organic_Nomenclature_and_IUPAC_Naming\"><\/span>1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a danh ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo IUPAC<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi Li\u00ean minh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng (IUPAC). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: <strong>M\u1ed7i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi duy nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i carbon d\u00e0i, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m l\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, danh ph\u00e1p IUPAC tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khung carbon ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-five-step-iupac-naming-strategy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Five-Step_IUPAC_Naming_Strategy\"><\/span>Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean IUPAC g\u1ed3m n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-identify-the-parent-carbon-chain\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Identify_the_Parent_Carbon_Chain\"><\/span>1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ed7i cacbon g\u1ed1c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ed7i carbon li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t. <\/strong>Chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed7i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, chu\u1ed7i ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon trong chu\u1ed7i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon<\/th><th>R\u1ec5<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1<\/td><td>meth-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>eth-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>prop-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>Nh\u01b0ng-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>pent-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>b\u1ea3y-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td>th\u00e1ng 10-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9<\/td><td>kh\u00f4ng-<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>Th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai-<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-number-the-carbon-chain\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Number_the_Carbon_Chain\"><\/span>2. \u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 chu\u1ed7i cacbon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 sao cho nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00f2ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng cho ra s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-identify-and-name-substituents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Identify_and_Name_Substituents\"><\/span>3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o g\u1eafn v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf hi\u0111rocacbon \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u2013ane b\u1eb1ng \u2013yl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Ankan m\u1eb9<\/th><th>Ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>kh\u00ed metan<\/td><td>metyl<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>etan<\/td><td>etyl<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>propan<\/td><td>propyl<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>butan<\/td><td>butyl<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl ho\u1eb7c neopentyl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>di\u2013<\/strong> (hai)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>tri\u2013<\/strong> (ba)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7n\u2013<\/strong> (b\u1ed1n)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-assign-numbers-to-substituents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Assign_Numbers_to_Substituents\"><\/span>4. \u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon m\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau, m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2,3-dimethylbutane<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-assemble-the-full-name\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Assemble_the_Full_Name\"><\/span>5. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ecd t\u00ean<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng quan tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n (di-, tri-, tetra-) b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y, trong khi s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng chu\u1ed7i cha v\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-hydrocarbons-and-alcohols\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Hydrocarbons_and_Alcohols\"><\/span>2. Hydrocacbon v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrocarbon l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh khung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alkanes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alkanes\"><\/span>Ankan<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ankan l\u00e0 hi\u0111rocacbon b\u00e3o h\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft cacbon-cacbon \u0111\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t:<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mi>n<\/mi><\/msub><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mrow><mn>2<\/mn><mi>n<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">C_nH_{2n+2}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>Cn\u200bH2n+2\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Ankan<\/th><th>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Kh\u00ed m\u00eatan<\/td><td>CH\u2084<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Etan<\/td><td>C\u2082H\u2086<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kh\u00ed propan<\/td><td>C\u2083H\u2088<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Butan<\/td><td>C\u2084H\u2081\u2080<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pentane<\/td><td>C\u2085H\u2081\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hexan<\/td><td>C\u2086H\u2081\u2084<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c halogen th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf tr\u00ean ankan v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>fluoro\u2013<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>clo-<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>bromo\u2013<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>iodo\u2013<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alkenes-and-alkynes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alkenes_and_Alkynes\"><\/span>Anken v\u00e0 Ankin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrocarbon kh\u00f4ng b\u00e3o h\u00f2a ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean k\u1ebft cacbon-cacbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anken ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1. <strong>\u2013ene<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ankin ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1. <strong>\u2013yne<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t tham gia v\u00e0o li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>but-2-ene<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1,3-butadien<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2-butyne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong b\u00e0i thi MCAT, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-alcohols\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alcohols\"><\/span>R\u01b0\u1ee3u<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m hydroxyl (\u2013OH) g\u1eafn v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ean ankan g\u1ed1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Thay \u2013e b\u1eb1ng \u2013ol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>T\u00ean IUPAC<\/th><th>T\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>etanol<\/td><td>c\u1ed3n etyl<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2-propanol<\/td><td>c\u1ed3n isopropyl<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m hydroxyl xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh diol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hai lo\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Diol li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1<\/strong> \u2013 nh\u00f3m hydroxyl tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diol geminal<\/strong> \u2013 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c diol geminal th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbonyl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c ba, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m hydroxyl th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 trong danh ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-carbonyl-compounds-aldehydes-and-ketones\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Carbonyl_Compounds_Aldehydes_and_Ketones\"><\/span>3. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbonyl: An\u0111ehit v\u00e0 xeton<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1\u2014v\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh\u2014t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c cacbonyl, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbonyl l\u00e0 an\u0111ehit v\u00e0 xeton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aldehydes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aldehydes\"><\/span>An\u0111ehit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An\u0111ehit ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m cacbonyl \u1edf cu\u1ed1i chu\u1ed7i cacbon, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 ankan \u2013e b\u1eb1ng \u2013al.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>T\u00ean IUPAC<\/th><th>T\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>methanal<\/td><td>formaldehyde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>etanol<\/td><td>acetaldehyde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>propanal<\/td><td>propionaldehyde<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00ec an\u0111ehit l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ch, n\u00ean cacbon cacbonyl th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 cacbon s\u1ed1 1, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ketones\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ketones\"><\/span>Xeton<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Xeton ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m cacbonyl trong chu\u1ed7i cacbon, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u2013one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2-pentanone<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3-buten-2-m\u1ed9t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2-propanone (acetone)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi an\u0111ehit, xeton ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbonyl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c xeton c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean chung, trong \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea hai nh\u00f3m ankyl g\u1eafn v\u00e0o cacbon cacbonyl, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 t\u1eeb <em>xeton<\/em>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ethylmethylketone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carbonyl-based-terminology\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carbonyl-Based_Terminology\"><\/span>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cacbonyl<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m cacbonyl, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon l\u00e2n c\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Hy L\u1ea1p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03b1 (alpha)<\/strong> \u2013 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m carbonyl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03b2 (beta)<\/strong> \u2013 carbon ti\u1ebfp theo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03b3 (gamma)<\/strong> \u2013 c\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon th\u1ee9 ba<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 axit c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro \u03b1, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 sau n\u00e0y.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-carboxylic-acids-and-their-derivatives\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives\"><\/span>4. Axit cacboxylic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 MCAT, axit cacboxylic \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i oxy h\u00f3a cao nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carboxylic-acids\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carboxylic_Acids\"><\/span>Axit cacboxylic<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Axit cacboxylic ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a <strong>nh\u00f3m cacbonyl (C=O)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a <strong>nh\u00f3m hydroxyl (\u2013OH)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 ankan \u2013e b\u1eb1ng \u2013oic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>T\u00ean IUPAC<\/th><th>T\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>axit metanoic<\/td><td>axit formic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>axit etanoic<\/td><td>axit axetic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>axit propanoic<\/td><td>axit propionic<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ec nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, n\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m carboxyl th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u cacbon 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-esters\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Esters\"><\/span>Este<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Este \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi nh\u00f3m hydroxyl c\u1ee7a axit cacboxylic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m ankoxy (\u2013OR).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean c\u1ee7a este bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nh\u00f3m ankyl g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00ean axit g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u2013oate<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>etyl propanoat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Este l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-amides\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Amides\"><\/span>Amit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Amit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi nh\u00f3m hydroxyl c\u1ee7a axit cacboxylic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m amin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng \u2013amide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf g\u1eafn v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nit\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 <strong>N-<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>propanamide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N,N-dimethylethanamide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft amit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft peptit n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c axit amin trong protein.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-anhydrides\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anhydrides\"><\/span>Anhydrit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anhydrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi hai axit cacboxylic k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu hai axit gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau, h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf axit b\u1eb1ng anhydrit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>anhydrit axetic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu hai axit kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. <em>anhydrit<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-functional-group-priority-and-mcat-relevance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Functional_Group_Priority_and_MCAT_Relevance\"><\/span>5. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 thi MCAT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i oxy h\u00f3a: cacbon c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e0ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 thi MCAT l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Axit cacboxylic \u2192 Anhydrit \u2192 Este \u2192 Amit \u2192 An\u0111ehit \u2192 Xeton \u2192 Ancol \u2192 Anken\/Ankin \u2192 Ankan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 thay v\u00ec h\u1eadu t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m hydroxyl v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m an\u0111ehit, th\u00ec nh\u00f3m an\u0111ehit s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 an\u0111ehit c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m hydroxyl th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-final-perspective-why-nomenclature-matters-for-the-mcat\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Perspective_Why_Nomenclature_Matters_for_the_MCAT\"><\/span>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: T\u1ea1i sao danh ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 thi MCAT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Danh ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean \u00f4n thi MCAT, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>D\u1ecbch nhanh gi\u1eefa t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 khi danh ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1\u2014v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u00f3a sinh\u2014h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1ed5ng quan to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean IUPAC. H\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u00f3a, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u2026 <a title=\"Danh ph\u00e1p H\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cho k\u1ef3 thi MCAT\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.1pmdaily.com\/vi\/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-mcat\" aria-label=\"\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Danh ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cho MCAT\">\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1322,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[17,18],"class_list":["post-1321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning","tag-mcat","tag-organic-chemistry","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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